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Andrew Johnson Seventeenth President 1865-69
Throughout the summer of 1865 Johnson had proceeded to carry out Lincoln\'s reconstruction program, with minor modifications. By presidential proclamation he appointed a governor for each of the seceded states and freely restored political rights to large numbers of southern citizens through use of the presidential pardoning power.
In due time conventions were held in each of the former Confederate states to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate the war debt, and draft new state constitutions. Eventually the people of each state elected a governor and a state legislature, and when the legislature of a state ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, the new state government was recognized and the state was back in the Union again.
By the end of 1865, this process, with a few exceptions, was completed. But the
states that had seceded were not yet fully restored to their former positions within
the Union because the Congress had not yet seated their U. S. Senators and
Representatives, who were now coming to Washington to take their places in the
federal legislature.
Both Lincoln and Johnson had foreseen that the Congress would have the right to
deny southern legislators seats in the U.S. Senate or House of Representatives,
under the clause of the Constitution that says: \"Each house shall be the judge of the
qualifications of its own members.\" This denial came to pass when, under the
leadership of Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania, those Congressmen who sought
to punish the south refused to seat its duly elected Senators and Representatives.
Then, within the next few months, the Congress proceeded to work out a plan of
southern reconstruction quite different from the one Lincoln had started and
Johnson had continued.
The Radicals\' first step was to refuse to seat any Senator or Representative from the old Confederacy. Next they passed measures dealing with the former slaves. Johnson vetoed the legislation. The Radicals mustered enough votes in Congress to pass legislation over his veto--the first time that Congress had overridden a President on an important bill. They passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which established Negroes as American citizens and forbade discrimination against them.
A few months later Congress submitted to the states the Fourteenth Amendment, which specified that no state should \"deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\"
All the former Confederate States except Tennessee refused to ratify the amendment; further, there were two bloody race riots in the South. Speaking in the Middle West, Johnson faced hostile audiences. The Radical Republicans won an overwhelming victory in Congressional elections that fall.
In March 1867, the Radicals effected their own plan of Reconstruction, again placing southern states under military rule. They passed laws placing restrictions upon the President. When Johnson allegedly violated one of these, the Tenure of Office Act, by dismissing Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, the House voted eleven articles of impeachment against him. He was tried by the Senate in the spring of 1868 and acquitted by one vote.
During this first periode of reconstruction the North helped the South with large summs destinated to the construction of railroads and other investment. In adition a large number of well formed people went South because they saw there the possibilities for future development.
The Republican party became a lot of members in the South especially blacks who hand even some higher fonctions, but there were to much intern conflicts and economic dependencies as they could have directed the South for a longer time.
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