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ENVIRONMENT AND LANDSCAPE
The landscape of Rocky Mountain National Park is the steepest in the United States. Sixty mountain peaks over 12,000 feet high result in world-renown scenery and provide challenges for hikers and climbers. The extreme topography creates an amazing range of ecological zones within a short distance, similar to the changes that would be seen in a drive from Denver to northern Alaska.
The continental divide, which runs north - south through the park, marks a climatic division. The western slope, due to prevailing winds, receives more precipitation than the eastern slope. (The town of Estes Park averages 13.1 inches of precipitation; the town or Grand Lake 19.95 inches per year.)
Although many visitors think of the park as \"pristine\", humans are having a marked impact on its environment. Airborne pollutants from vehicles, factories, and agricultural activity are altering soil and water chemistry. These changes in the physical environment are in turn altering biological communities. Inputs are most significant on the east side where upslope winds, blowing from the communities and agricultural areas of the Front Range, bring nitrates, mercury, ozone, sulfates, and other compounds to the park. Rapid development from Fort Collins to Pueblo make it likely that these pollutants will continue to increase.
Other toxins come from far away. Research has shown that alpine lakes are particularly vulnerable to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as DDT. These compounds evaporate over tropical areas, then fall out in cooler, temperate areas, a process known as \"global distillation\". Once deposited in high elevation lakes, cool temperatures prevent POPs from regaining their gaseous state and they continue to accumulate.
Established on January 26, 1915, Rocky Mountain National Park is a living showcase of the grandeur of the Rocky Mountains. With elevations ranging from 8,000 feet in the wet, grassy valleys to 14,259 feet at the weather-ravaged top of Longs Peak, a visitor to the park has opportunities for countless breathtaking experiences and adventures.
Elk, mule deer, moose, bighorn sheep, black bears, coyotes, cougars, eagles, hawks and scores of smaller animals delight wildlife-watchers of all ages. Wildflower-lovers are never disappointed in June and July when the meadows and hillsides are splashed with botanical color. Autumn visitors can relax among the golden aspens or enjoy the rowdier antics of the elk rut (mating season).
359 miles of trail offer endless opportunities to hikers, backpackers and horseback riders. Fly fishers, bird-watchers and photographers discover the splendor that they traveled so far to find. During the winter, snowshoers and cross-country skiers revel in the white-blanketed tranquility of meadows and forests.
60 peaks rising above 12,000 feet challenge intrepid hikers and climbers. Anyone visiting between Memorial Day and late autumn can see many of these peaks eye-to-eye by driving over Trail Ridge Road. Topping out at 12,183 feet, this is the highest, continuous, paved road in the United States.
Front-country and backcountry campers have hundreds of campsites to choose from. Civilization and its amenities are available in the towns of Estes Park and Grand Lake which flank the park on the east and west sides respectively. Ranger-led activities are an entertaining way to learn more about your surroundings. Plan some time to acclimate to the high altitude and come find your adventure in Rocky Mountain National Park.
ACTIVITIES
Hike over 359 miles of trails.
Climb fabulous formations
Drive to the Continental Divide on Trail Ridge Road.
Ranger talks and walks: hikes in the summer; evening campground talks in summer; snowshoe and ski programs in the winter; full moon walks in fall, winter, and spring.
View wildlife: bighorn sheep at Sheep Lakes (not necessarily every day); elk, deer, birds, and butterflies throughout the park.
Small ground animals are fun to watch, but don\'t feed them.
Click below for more information.
What to Do in the Park
Throughout its 416 square miles of rock-ribbed wildness, Rocky Mountain National Park truly is a land of superlatives. Here, at least 60 mountains exceed 12,000 feet, topping off at 14,259 feet on the football field-sized summit of Longs Peak. Names such as Cirrus, Chiefs Head, Isolation, Mummy, and Storm evoke the grandeur of this high landscape.
Although the great peaks comprise the essence of the park, the delicate alpine flowers, clear lakes, rushing mountain waters, and impressive forests appeal to all the senses. An array of wildlife - bighorn sheep, ptarmigan, coyote, elk - adds life to the landscape.
The wide variety of elevations and habitats create a choice of activities for visitors. From scenic dives and short strolls along a gentle trail to more ambitious daylong hikes to vertical mountain climbs, Rocky Mountain National Park offers many ways to experience nature in all its splendor.
Read all about the current activities in the Rocky Mountain National Park \"High Country Headlines\" publication. This is a large PDF you can download and print.
If you care to purchase maps and books about the park to help plan your visit, start by visiting the Rocky Mountain Nature Association web-bookstore.
HISTORY AND CULTURE
Cultural resources in Rocky Mountain National Park include historic structures (such as roads and bridges), cultural landscapes, prehistoric and historic archaeological sites, museum artifacts, and historic buildings and trails. The park also works with Native American groups to understand and protect those resources in the park that are important to native cultures.
When Congress passed the Rocky Mountain National Park Act in 1915, the legislators focused on Rocky\'s scenic and natural wonders. Still, what became the park held many cultural treasures including ancient trails, game drives, cattle ranches, and lodges. Early Superintendents tried to develop roads, backcountry cabins, and trails to blend with the surroundings. Rangers manipulated the landscape to look more \"natural;\" they suppressed fires, planted seedlings, and controlled predators. The National Park Service purchased private lands and removed buildings, roads, post offices, driveways, irrigation ditches, and fences.
After World War II, with park visitation increasing across the country, the National Park Service implemented Mission 66, a nationwide development and improvement program. Rocky, like many parks, suffered from outdated facilities. Mission 66 brought new comfort stations, overlooks, employee housing, campgrounds, and visitor centers to Rocky Mountain National Park.
During the 1960\'s, as cultural revolutions swept the nation, Congress passed significant environmental laws to protect the American landscape. Many of these effected the management of both natural and cultural resources in the National Parks. Every year, more cultural resources are identified and protected in Rocky Mountain National Park. Today a team of cultural and natural resource specialists work together to protect the park\'s resources.
Every visitor to the park encounters cultural resources: Trail Ridge Road, Beaver Meadows Visitor Center, Holzwarth Trout Lodge, and the Ute Trail are just a few. You are the steward of this national park, its past and its future.
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
The spectacular mountain scenery of the park is literally brought to life by the plants and animals that make their home here. Flowering plants, from the first pasque flower in April to the last aster in September, add color, fragrance, and movement to the landscape. Especially intriguing are the alpine wildflowers that survive the extreme climate of the tundra, completing their yearly life cycle in just a few weeks.
Although the park is most famous for its large animals, particularly elk and bighorn sheep, a glimpse of a tufted-eared Abert\'s squirrel, an iridescent broad-tailed hummingbird, or a squeaking pika can be equally thrilling. Early risers, and those watching at dusk often have the best \"luck\" at seeing wildlife.
Observation of plants and animals embroider a park experience with rich details that make each visit unique. Stop by a visitor center for advice on current plant and animal viewing highlights.
FEATURED PLANTS AND ANIMALS
This section provides information on some of the park\'s most popular plants and animals. Keep in mind that plant and animal watching vary with the season. Here are a few highlights:
November - May
Elk commonly seen at lower elevations on the East Side.
March
Mountain Bluebirds return.
May - June
Bird migration.
Elk calves and bighorn lambs born.
Wildflowers in bloom at lower elevations.
Tundra flowers begin blooming.
July
Wildflower season peaks.
August
Colorado columbines and other late season flowers still in bloom.
The Elk rut begins.
Bird migration.
September-October
Elk rut peaks.
Bird migration continues.
Aspens turn color.
ASPEN
Aspen Glory Myth, Wonder, and Science
The Color Change
Indian legend tells us when the Great Bear smelled the hunter\'s fire in fall, the ensuing fight splattered yellow cooking grease and red blood on the leaves of the aspen forest.
The quaking aspen and its trembling leaves are still a source of wonder. The key to their fall colors hues lies not in myth, but in the natural environment.
The color changes start first in the subalpine zone (9,000-11,000 feet elevation) in early September. Progressively, changes reach the montane zone (5,600-9,500 feet) by mid-month. Weather can dictate a good or poor year for color, and the fall display can last from days to weeks.
Why the Vivid Colors?
The Indians answered their questioning with an enduring tale. The scientific explanation is based on variations in temperature, moisture, and light. These factors set internal chemical changes in motion.
A close examination of aspen buds in springtime reveals many hues hidden within the leaves. As the foliage matures, chlorophyll, the green pigment, carries on photosynthesis, converting sunshine into food and energy. In doing so, the green chlorophyll dominates all other colors.
The diminished light temperatures of fall trigger the break down of chlorophyll. As green colors fade, yellow, orange, and red pigments--carotenoids and xanthophylls--are unmasked.
The radiant red to nearly blue colors are produced by anthocyanin. This pigment appears when sugars are concentrated in the leaves. Ideal conditions of sunny days and cool nights produce the choicest spectrum.
Lifecycle
Quaking aspens (Populus tremuloides) provide beautiful scenery and a rich habitat for wildlife. Aspens, the most widely distributed tree in North America, are one of the few deciduous trees hearty enough to survive in a harsh mountain environment
Aspen trees are short-lived, surviving about a 120 years. In mountain environments, the brief growing season often prevents aspen seeds from germinating. Instead, an aspen\'s lateral roots produce vertical shoots, called suckers. Some suckers grow into mature trees, creating a large network of interconnected roots that can produce new trees for over a thousand years. A patch of genetically identical trees, a \"clone\", will sprout new buds and change colors at the same time.
Flourishing aspens provide shade for young spruce and fir trees. These conifers grow and eventually replace aspen forests. Long after the visible portion of the aspen tree is gone, the underground root system remains behind patiently waiting for a disturbance from fire, avalanche, or other occurrence that removes the conifer forest. If the sun\'s warmth touches the soil, it will stimulate the aspen\'s dormant root system, starting another cycle of this pioneering specie.
Aspen Habitat
Quietly sit in an aspen grove, and watch the forest spring to life. High in the trees, woodpeckers hollow out cavities in the soft aspen bark while looking for insects. Leftover holes soon become an apartment house for nesting sapsuckers, bluebirds, swallows, and other species.
Fallen aspen leaves, plant matter, and feces collect on the forest floor attracting insects and other invertebrates. Small leaf fragments and feces left behind are further decomposed by bacteria and fungi. The soil is enriched by mineral nutrients and decomposed organic material, permitting a rich, diverse understory.
Deer and elk seek rest, cover, and forage in tall understory shrubs. Mothers hide their calves in brush while grazing and browsing nearby. Aspen bark provides an extra food source in winter for browsing elk.
Suggested Aspen Viewing Areas
Hidden Valley
Aspens dominate the southeast facing hillside on Hwy. 34 (7 miles from park headquarters), just west of the Beaver Ponds Boardwalk.
Bear Lake Road
This is a very popular location for viewing color. Alberta Falls is a 1.2 mile round-trip hike abounding with fall sights and scents.
Fern & Cub Lake Trails
These trails in Moraine Park off the Bear Lake Road provide easy hiking and aspen viewing.
Twin Sisters
See the \"Butterfly Burn\" on the west slope of the peak 7 miles south of Estes Park on Colorado Hwy. 7.
Long\'s Peak
Travel south 8 miles on Colorado Hwy. 7 to see fall colors on the lower flanks of the peak.
Wild Basin
Drive to the Finch Lake Trailhead and hike for a distance of 1 1/2 miles one-way into the aspen forest.
East Inlet Trail
A 3 mile one-way hike on this trail leads to spectacular fall color.
Kawuneeche Valley
Drive through more than ten miles of prime aspen country along TRAIL RIDGE Road. Start at Grand Lake and travel to just North of the Timber Lake Trailhead.
Farview Curve
At 10,000 feet elevation, this overlook provides a good panorama of the Kawuneeche Valley and the Never Summer range.
BIGHORN SHEEP
The recent history of bighorn sheep in Rocky Mountain National Park is a dramatic story of near extinction and encouraging recovery. In the mid-1800\'s, the population of bighorn in the area numbered in the thousands. As hunters and settlers moved into Estes Valley in the late 1800\'s and early 1900\'s, the bighorn population declined rapidly. Initially, market hunters, encouraged by the high prices paid for then prized horns and meat, shot bighorn by the hundreds. When ranchers moved into the mountain valleys, they altered important bighorn habitat and introduced domestic sheep. The domestic sheep carried scabies and pneumonia, which proved fatal to large numbers of bighorn sheep.
Under the pressures of disease, hunting, and habitat alteration, the bighorn population declined until the middle of this century, when research in the 1950\'s indicated that about 150 bighorn remained in the area of Rocky Mountain National Park. The surviving bighorn herds were in areas less accessible to human contact. Their range was limited to the isolated, high country regions of the Mummy and the Never Summer mountains and along the Continental Divide. The migrating, low-country herds were gone.
As the pressures of hunting and disease declined in the 1960\'s and 1970\'s, bighorn populations increased. In an effort to stimulate population growth and promote diversity, wildlife managers reintroduced bighorn sheep to their historic ranges along Cow Creek and the North St. Vrain River in 1978 and 1980.
These new herds of bighorn along the eastern boundary of the park and the surviving native herds have continued to grow. Today, as many as 600 bighorn sheep live in the Rocky Mountain National Park area.
Bighorn Adaptations
Bighorn Sheep are well adapted to survive in the rugged terrain and harsh climate of the Rocky Mountains. Their keen eyesight, highly developed sense of smell, and sharp hearing enable bighorn to detect potential dangers at great distances. Specialized hooves, soft and flexible on the inside, aid sheep in precarious jumps and breath-taking climbs on sharp cliff faces, as they seek shelter and escape from predators in their rocky habitat.
To survive the bitter winds and chilling temperatures of winter, bighorn sheep have developed thick, double-layered coats of hair. These rich, tan coats, which grow anew late each summer, are shed in spring.
The digestive system of bighorn sheep is an unseen, but nonetheless essential, survival mechanism. In the initial phase of digestion, sheep benefit from teeth which grow throughout life, grinding down coarse, dry grasses and grit. A complex, four-part stomach allows sheep to gain important nutrients from hard, dry forage. Sheep are able to eat large amounts of forage rapidly, then retreat to cliffs or ledges to thoroughly rechew and digest their food, safe from predators.
Bighorn sheep, with their unique and spectacular combination of adaptations for mountain survival, are a fitting symbol of Rocky Mountain National Park.
Horns
Both male and female bighorn sheep have true horns. Unlike antlers which are shed yearly, sheep retain their horns throughout their lives. The size and shape of the horns are useful keys in determining the age and sex of individuals.
In the males, or rams, the horns grow continuously, from a small spike as lambs, to nearly a full curl at around eight years of age. The horns of the females, or ewes, grow to a sharp, straight point, eight to ten inches long, in their first four years, with negligible growth in adulthood. The large, curled horns of the mature male play a vital role in bighorn mating. When the rams and ewes come together in the autumn breeding season, the strong, dominant rams with the largest horns vie for the right to females. As part of the mating ritual, males charge one another, clashing together at speeds of 40 mph(64 km/hr). The resulting crashes of horns can be heard up to one mile (1.6 km) away.
Sheep Lakes & The Bighorn Crossing
During late spring and summer, bighorn sheep descend from the alpine areas of the Mummy Range into the meadows of Horseshoe Park, around Sheep Lakes. Here, they graze and eat soil to obtain minerals not found in their high mountain habitat. The minerals are essential in restoring nutrient levels, depleted by the stresses of lambing and a poor quality winter diet. To reach the meadows, the sheep must cross Highway 34 on the north side of Horseshoe Park. Studies show that crossing the highway creates high levels of stress in bighorn, which can reduce their resistance to disease thereby increasing sheep mortality. In an attempt to protect the sheep, the park created a \"Bighorn Crossing Zone\" in Horseshoe Park. In the late spring and throughout summer, rangers control traffic as sheep attempt to move to and from the meadow. Researchers believe this has increased the intake of important minerals by the sheep, thus improving the health of the bighorn herd.
Bighorn Watching
Bighorn are most easily seen at low elevations in late spring and early summer, when they descend from the Mummy Range to Sheep Lakes in Horseshoe Park. Their visits generally occur between 9:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Groups of from one to sixty sheep move from the ridge on the north side of the valley, across the road, and stay up to two or three hours before recrossing and moving back to the high country.
To witness the sheep in their alpine range, a short but strenuous trail near Milner Pass leads the bighorn enthusiast to the edge of The Crater, where sheep may be viewed from a distance. This trail is closed during the spring lambing season in May through mid-July. The closure is necessary so sheep can move to and from The Crater and the feeding grounds of the alpine tundra.
Occasionally, visitors may also see bighorn sheep in alpine habitat along Trail Ridge Road, between Forest Canyon Overlook and the Alpine Visitor Center.
Rocky Mountain National Park provides protection for all wildlife. Because bighorn are sensitive to human disturbance, your help in protecting the sheep is essential.
Drive slowly and cautiously on Highway 34 along the north side of Horseshoe Park.
Do not enter the \"Bighorn Crossing Zone\" by vehicle or on foot when sheep are present. Allow the sheep ample space to cross the road.
Stay by the roadside when sheep are on the hill or in the meadow at Sheep Lakes.
Obey all signs and closures.
Do not attempt to approach sheep or make loud noises in their presence.
MOOSE
History
Tall (six feet or more), a dark chocolate brown, and certainly less than handsome, the moose has become a favorite of visitors to the Kawuneeche Valley of Rocky Mountain National Park. With its bulbous nose, hump over the shoulder, and a slightly ridiculous looking \"bell\" or dewlap hanging from the neck, the awkwardly constructed moose is seldom confused with its more populous and elegant cousin the elk.
Historical records dating back to the 1850\'s suggest that moose were most likely only transient visitors to the area that is now Rocky Mountain National Park. Indeed, there is scant evidence that a breeding population ever existed in northern Colorado. In 1978 and 1979, the Colorado Division of Wildlife transferred two groups of moose (12 each year) from the Uintah Mountains and Grand Teton herds to an area just west of the Never Summer Range near Rand, Colorado.
The original collection of 4 bulls, 13 cows, 4 yearlings, and 3 calves -- all of whom were radio collared for subsequent monitoring -- prospered from the start. In 1980, visitors and staff saw the first members of the herd that had migrated into the Kawuneeche Valley at Harbison\'s Meadow (near the Grand Lake Entrance to the Park), and as far north as Lulu City. True to their reputation for wandering, two cow moose were sighted by rangers on the Continental Divide at the Boulder-Grand Pass just a year later. During those first several years, it is probable that most members of the herd returned to the release site to winter over in their breeding grounds.
The headwaters of the Colorado proved to be prime moose habitat when two cows and a bull wintered over in the Kawuneeche Valley in 1988. Since then, sightings occur almost daily in the summer and are not unusual throughout the rest of the year, since a number of moose now winter in the Park
Moose And You
Both mature males (with their palmate antlers) and females (antlerless) can be extremely unpredictable. Rutting bull moose have charged horses, cars, and locomotives. The female is particularly protective of her calf. The moose has a top speed of 35 miles (55 kilometers) per hour--not an advantage most visitors would choose to challenge in a foot race! If you see a moose display the threat position of either \"head high\" or \"head low\", it is time to retreat.
Habitat
Moose are loners by nature and these largest members of the deer family rarely travel with more than one or two other moose companions. Since their preferred diet of willow, aspen, and aquatic plants occurs in patches, animals disperse widely across the landscape seeking food. However, moose return annually with great predictablility to their favorite seasonal habitat. For example, studies show they will return to the same clump of willows on almost the same day of winter each year.
The Colorado herd (estimated to have expanded from the original 24 to nearly 700 in 1994) is scattered over a range that now extends to Winter Park in the south, and Steamboat Springs to the west.
Life Cycle
Bulls experience a rapid growth of velvet-covered antlers through the spring months that culminates in a flattened rack as much as 80 inches (2 m) from tip to tip. The velvet is usually gone by mid-September. Antlers are dropped annually in early Spring.
The rut (mating season) extends from September through November, when a bull attends only one female at a time (although he may breed with several cows in one season). Calves are born in the spring after an eight-month gestation period. Twin calves are relatively uncommon, occurring in less than five percent of all births. However, the local habitat and its abundant forage appear to have stimulated an above- average rate of twins in Rocky Mountain National Park.
Over a 20-year life span in the wild, bulls may reach a height of 6½ to 7½ feet (2-2.3 m) at the shoulder, and weigh from 800 - 1,600 pounds (360-725 kg). Cow moose are only slightly less imposing at 5 to 6½ feet (1.5-2 m) tall and 600 - 1,000 pounds (270-450 kg).
Moose Viewing
Visitors may see moose at almost any time of day. As noted, cows may travel and browse with a calf, or some bulls may wander in pairs. Each social unit tends to establish its own range, and may stay in a given location for days or weeks, as long as food resources last and the animals are not harassed.
Look for moose in areas with aquatic vegetation and willows. Visitors sight moose with some frequency in the half-mile stretch just north of Onahu Creek Trailhead, along the Onahu Trail. Willow areas along the Colorado River next to Timber Creek Campground and at Lulu City are other good viewing locations. Rangers at the Kawuneeche Visitor Center can often provide information on where moose have been recently seen.
Enjoy the moose at a distance... give these magnificent animals plenty of room to roam without human intereference.
ELK
North American elk, or wapiti, were once plentiful in the Rocky Mountain National Park area. As Euro- Americans settled the Estes Valley, they hunted elk intensively sending much of the meat to market in Denver. By 1890 few, if any, elk remained.
In 1913 and 1914, before the establishment of the park, the Estes Valley Improvement Association and United States Forest Service transplanted 49 elk from Yellowstone National Park to this area. Around the same time, an all-out effort began to eliminate predators - including the gray wolf and the grizzly bear. The resulting decrease in predators probably hastened the recovery of Rocky\'s elk population.
Currently, the elk population in the park fluctuates dramatically from summer to winter. Concentrations of 3,200 elk in summer may dwindle to 1,000 during winter as elk migrate to lower elevations and move to areas outside the park.
Accelerating development along the park boundary is diminishing open space and blocking traditional migration routes, thus decreasing winter forage and habitat.
Bull elk rollover picture (NPS-RMNP)
Cow and calf (NPS-RMNP)
Bulls grazing by the creek (NPS-RMNP)
Elk gnaw on aspen bark (NPS-RMNP)
The Mating Season
As Autumn approaches, elk descend from the high country to montane meadows for the annual breeding season. Within the gathering herds, the larger antlered males, weighing up to 1100 pounds (495 kg) and standing five feet (1.5 m) at the shoulder, move nervously among the bands of smaller females.
In this season of excitement, bull elk compete with one another for the right to breed with a herd of females. Prime bulls, eight to nine years old, stand the best chance of mating. While competition is high among bulls it includes little fighting, since fighting causes injury and depletes energy. Instead, mature bulls compete for cows by displaying their antlers, necks and bodies. They emit strong, musky odors and bugle. With little rest or food during the mating season, bulls enter the winter highly susceptible to the hardships of the coming months.
Cow elk, weighing up to 600 pounds (270 kg) carry the new life for 250 days through the rigors of winter and early spring. In late May or June, a lightly spotted calf of 30 pounds is born. Nursing and foraging through the rich seasons of summer and fall, the calves may reach 250 (115 kg) pounds by late autumn.
The Bugle
Bull elk signal the season of mating with a crescendo of deep, resonant tones that rise rapidly to a high-pitched squeal before dropping to a series of grunts. It is this call, or bugle, that gives rise to the term \"rut\" for the mating season. Rut is derived from the Latin word meaning roar.
The eerie call, echoing through the autumn nights, serves to intimidate rival males and may act as a physical release for tensions of the season. Cows and younger bulls may also bugle, but they are unable to match the strength or range of the older bulls\' calls.
Elk Viewing And Protection
During autumn, elk congregate in the Kawuneeche Valley, Horseshoe Park, Moraine Park, and Upper Beaver Meadows. Watch for elk along the edges of clearings early in the morning or in the evening. Bugling is more often heard at dawn and dusk.
To minimize disturbance to the animals and to ensure a pleasant experience for all visitors, please observe these viewing guidelines:
Turn off car lights and engine immediately. Shut car doors quietly and keep conversations to a minimum.
Observe and photograph from a distance that is comfortable to the elk. If the elk move away or if their attention is diverted, you are too close.
Stay by the roadside while in Horseshoe Park, Moraine Park, Upper Beaver Meadows and the Kawuneeche Valley. Travel is restricted to roadways and designated trails. Be aware of posted area closures.
It is illegal to use artificial lights or calls to view or attract wildlife.
ANIMALS
LAKE WATERFALLS
Auto Touring
Backpacking
Biking
Bird Watching
Camping
Climbing
Cross Country Skiing
Fishing
Hiking
Horseback Riding
Interpretive Programs
Mountaineering
Nature Walks
Snow Skiing
Snowshoeing
Stargazing
Wilderness Area
Wildlife Viewing
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