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Have got
I have got I’ve got I haven’t got
You have got You’ve got You haven’t got
He/she/it has got He/she/it has got He/she/it hasn’t got
We have got We’ve got We haven’t got
They have got They’ve got They haven’t got
Possessiv pronomen
Besitzanzeigende Fürwörter
I-my we-our
you-your you-your
he-his they their
she-her
it-its
‘s or s’
My son’s name is Marc.
My daughters’ names are Isabelle and Mira.
Im Singular steht ,,’s,, und im Plural stht ,,s’,, zum Ausdruck eines Besitzverhältnisses.
a or an
a grandma an animal
a pet an aunt
a cupboard an English teacher
a cat an Indian restaurant
a dog an orange cat
a car an uncle
Wenn das Nomen mit einem Vokal beginnt, steht ,,an,, statt ,,a,,.
Form of the verb
Infinitive: to run
Imperative: Clean!/ Don’t come in!
Present participle: (I am) cleaning
Present progressive
… besteht aus: to be + present participle
I’m cleaning We’re cleaning
You’re cleaning You’re cleaning
He’s cleaning
She’s cleaning They’re cleaning
It’s cleaning
Regel: Das Present progressive drückt eine Handlung aus, die jetzt gerade abläuft.
Present participle
Infinitive + ing
clean+ing-cleaning
tidy+ing-tidying
come+ing-coming
take+ing-taking
write+ing-writing
run+ing-running
sit+ing-sitting
put-ing-putting
Regel: bei Verben die nur eine Silbe haben wird der letzte Buchstabe zweimal geschrieben (sit, put, run)
Modale Hilfsverben
can (können) can not /can’t
must (müssen) must not/mustn’t =nicht dürfen
need(müssen) need not/needn’t =nicht müssen
I can speak English
He can’t draw a picture
Can you play football?-Yes, I can.
-No, I can’t.
You must do your homework
You needn’t go to school on Saturday.
Must you go to bed at 9.00 pm?-Yes I must.
-No I needn’t.
Regel: ,,Can, can’t, must, mustn’t, need, needn’t,, müssen immer mit einem anderen Verb zusammen stehen. Einzige Ausnahme: Kurzantwort.
Plurals
biro-biros
book-books
box-boxes
watch-watches
Irregular plurals: mouse-mice, man-men, child-children, woman-women, scarf-scarves,
shelf-shelves, wife-wives
Mengenangaben mit ,,of,,
a box of chocolates-eine Schachtel Pralinen
a piece of chocolates-ein Stück Schokolade
a small number of children-ein kleine Anzahl (von) Kinder(n)
a lot of /lots of pencils-eine Menge/viele Bleistifte
a group of girls-ein Gruppe (von) Mädchen
in groups of four-in Vierergruppen
Y-Regel
family-ies
hobby-ies
boy-s
Nach angehängtem “s” wird das ,,y,, zu ,,ie,, wenn es nach einem Konsonanten steht.
Word Order (Satzstellung)
Subject Verb Object
Ben is helping his father.
Debbie is helping her father in the garden.
No,she is helping him in the kitchen.
I can see them.
In einem englischem Aussagesatz st di Satzstellung immer Subjekt-Verb-Objekt. Alle Teile des Verbs müssen zusammenstehen.
Subject pronouns Object pronouns
I me
you you
he/she/it him/her/it
we us
you you
they them
Simple present
to clean: I clean we clean
you clean you clean
he/she/it cleans they clean
negative:I don’t clean we don’t clean
You don’t clean You don’t clean
He/She/It doesn’t clean They don’t clean
Beachte: to try = he tries
to play = he plays
to watch = he watches
Simple present questions and short answer
Do you play football?-Yes, I do./No, I don’t.
Does he play football?-Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t.
Does she play football?-Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t.
Does it play football?-Yes, it does./No, it doesn’t.
Do you play football?-Yes, we do./No, we don’t
Do they play football?-Yes, they do./No, they don’t.
Adverbs of frequency (Häufigkeitsadverbien)
always Nick often plays football on Saturdays.
often
usually
sometimes
never
Regel: Die Häufigkeitsadverbien stehen immer vor dem Verb.
This, that, these, those
this
nah dran (räumlich)
those
that
weit weg (räumlich)
those
Word Order
main clause (hauptsatz) suberdinate clause (Nebensatz)
Jenny hates zoos because she loves animals.
S V O conjunction S V O
Regel: Im Englischen ist die Satzstellung in Haupt- und Nebensatz: Subject-Verb-Object
(Straßen-Verkehrs-Ordnung)
How many oder How much
How many How much
…bananas? …water?
…apples? …sugar?
…books? …tea?
…pounds? …food?
…money?
…homework?
Regel: ,,many,, steht vor zählbaren Nomen, ,,much,, steht vor nicht zählbaren Nomen.
Present progresive und Simple present
Miss Hunt is dancing with nick.
Activity verb
She looks like a cat.
State verb
to be to like
to believe to love
to hate to need können kein present progressive bilden
to hear to see
to know to want
to look like
Some and any
You use ,,some,, in positive statements.
You use ,,any,, in negative statements and in questions.
Example: Well, there are some small shops in town.
But there aren’t any really good shops.
Have you got any money, Julia?
Going-to future
I am
you are
he/she/it is going to + infinitive drückt Pläne, oder
we are Absichten die in der Zukunft liegen.
you are
they are
Simple past of ,,to be,,
I was I wasn’t
you were you weren’t
he was he wasn’t
she was she wasn’t
it was it wasn’t
we were we weren’t
you were you weren’t
they were they weren’t
Simple past
it rained they talked they started
we played they laughed we needed
we looked you sended
I stopped
[d] [+] [id]
Das ,,simple past,, (Präteritum) wird im Englischen regelmäßig gebildet durch dem Anhängen von ,,ed,,.
Questions and negative sentences in the past.
Fragen werden mit ,,did,, und ,,dind’t,, gestellt und beantwortet (+grundform des Verbs). Verneinte Aussagesätze werden mit ,,didn’t,, und mit der Grundform des Verbs gebildet.
Examples: Did you go away?-Yes, I did./No, I didn’t.
Where did you go?-We went to Alton Towers.
We didn’t go on holiday.
Possessive determiner’s Possessive pronouns
This is my drink. It’s mine.
your yours
his his.
her hers.
its its.
These are our drinks ours.
your yours.
their theirs.
+ noun no noun
The prop-word ,,one,,
We need two baskets-There’s a yellow one upstairs an a brown on in the garden, and two
white ones in the garage.
Um Wiederholung von Substantiven zu vermeiden, steht nach Attributen das Stützwort ,,one,, Plural: ,,ones,,
Comparison of adjectifs one
The dog ist fast.
The cat is faster than the dogs.
The dolphin is the fasted of the tree animals.
An Audi is expensive.
A Mercedes is more expensive than an Audi.
A Ferrari is the most expensive of the tree cars.
bad good
worse better
the worst the best
as cheap as: positive
cheaper than: comparative
the cheapest: superlative
Adverbs
Mike is a careful driver. He is careful. He drives carefully.
Formation of adverbs: adjective+ly
angry-angrily
terrible-terribly
exeptions: good-well
fast-fast
hard-hard
Should, shall, would, could
should-Rat
Could you…please?-Höfliche Aufforderung etwas zu tun.
Shall I...-Angebot zu helfen
Would you...,please?-Höfliche Bitte etwas zu tun.
Present Perfect
Have/has + ed
Example: I have packed.
He has counted.
You have finished.
I have (I’ve) We have (We’ve) + past participle/3rd form of the irregular
You have (You’ve) You have (You’ve) verb
He/She/It has They have (they’ve)
Regel: Man benutzt das Present perfect, wenn das Ergebnis einer Handlung noch sichtbar ist, bzw. wenn die Handlung noch nicht abgeschlossen ist.
Words used with the present perfect (Klingelwörter):
already never
just not…yet
ever…(before) yet?
The future
Will/won’t + infinitive
I will/I’ll go I won’t go
You will/You’ll go You won’t go Will you go?
He will/He’ll go He won’t go Will he go?
She will/She’ll go She won’t go Will she go?
It will/It’ll go It won’t go Will it go?
We will/We’ll go We won’t go Will we go?
You will/You’ll go You won’t go Will you go?
They will/They’ll They won’t go Will they go?
Regel: Das “will-future” wird verwendet, wenn man nicht genau weiß was geschehen wird zB nach Ausdrücken wie hope, think, maybe, perhaps, probally. Das “will-future“wird auch verwendet, wenn man zukünftiges nicht vermeiden kann.
Questions
Fragewort Hilfsverb Subjekt Verb
Where do you sleep?
Where will you sleep?
Where have you sleep?
But: Who sleeps?-Wer schläft?
Bedingunssätze
If I live under the sea, I will see fishes.
Bedingung(Present) Folge (will-future)
Geram ,,seit,,: since or for?
since for
July six weeks
last month a few seconds
1st August very long
this morning a few weeks
point of time period of time
Regel: Nach “since” steht immer ein Zeitpunkt, nach ”for” eine Zeitspanne. In beiden Fällen wird das “present perfect“ benutzt.
Present Perfect Progressive
Wird gebildet: have/has+been+ing
I’ve been thinking about…
She has been thinking…
1. I’ve been reading
2. I’ve been read.
Das present perfect progressive wird verwendet, um auszudrücken, das eine Handlung ode rein Vorgang in der Vergangenheit begann und in der Gegenwart noch andauert.
Conditional
1.If I win 1000000€, I’ll fly to Florida
present future
possible (möglich)
2.If I won 100000€, I’d fly to florida
past conditional
improbable(unwarscheinl.)
Relative clauses
The pupils who do it have to work hard.
They have to make a machine which they invited.
The learn a lot of things that will help them.
We talked to lots oaf young people that are all working.
Relative pronouns
who-persons
which-objects
(that)-persons/objects
Regel: Relativsätze geben nähere Informaton über ein vorher verwendetes Substantiv und stehen unmittelbar nach ihm. Das Relativpronomen“who“ bezieht sich auf Personnen, “which“ auf Sachen und “that“ auf Personen und Sachen. Wenn deer Relativsatz ein eigenes Subjekt hat, das heißt wenn das Relativpronomen nicht selbst ist, kann es weggelassen werde. Ein Relativsatz ohne Relativpronomen heißt: “contact clause“
S P
...people who are friendly...
S P
...castle you can visit
Each other oder nicht
We are looking at ourselves
Spiegel
We are looking at eachother
The passive
English is spoken all over the world.
to be past participle
Regel: Das Passiv wird gebildet mit einer Form von “to be” und dem “past participle”. Es wird benutzt, wenn das Geschehen wichtiger ist , als der Handelnde oder wenn der Handelnde nicht bkannt ist. Wenn er bekannt ist, kann er mit “by“ angehängt werden. zB.: St. Paul’s was build by Christopher Wren.
is taken =present
have/has been taken =present perfect
was taken =past
will be taken =future
Reflexive pronouns
I-myself we-ourselves
you-yourself you-yourselves
he/she/it him-/her-/itself they-themselves
Reflexive verben ohne Pronomen:
sit down-sich hinsetzen
remember-sich erinnern
move-sich bewegen
meet-sich treffen
feel-sich fühlen
imagine-sich vorstellen
listen to-sich anhören
hide-sich verstehen
Gerund
Melissa enjoyed doing the activities...
She continued walking…
She imagined meeting…
S V O
Finding an old tile…was an adventure.
Organizing a demonstration was Marks idea.
Building stopped.
Digging started again.
S V
…a good chance of finding
She thanked them for organizing
I’m afraid of flying.
Nach folgenden Verben stht ein Gerund:
avoid consider enjoy finish give up go on imagine
mention miss practise risk stop suggest
Nach begin, continue, hate, like , love, prefer, start, kann entweder ein Gerund ode rein to-Infinitiv stehen. Nach would like, would love, would hate, would prefer steht aber der to-Infinitiv. Das Gerund folgt auch auf allein stehende Präpositionen zB: after, before, by, instead of, on, without.
Infnitiv nach verb of perception
Nach Verben der Wahrnehmung (see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, fel) steht ein Objekt+ Infnitiv (ohne to). Im Deutschen werden solche Sätze in der Regel mit “wie“ wiedergegeben.
Verbs+Objects+infinitiv+ with to
Nach den verben: cause, would like, want, tell, ask, expect steht ein Objekt+Infinitiv with to. Im Deutschen warden die Sätze mit “dass” übersetzt.
Beispiel:
I’d like/want you to speak Inupiaq better
…, dass du besser Inupiaq sprichst
Shift of tenses from direct speech to reported speech
DS RS
present past
present perfect past perfect
past past perfect
will-future would+infinitive (conditional)
going to-future was/were going to +infinitive
DS RS
am/are/is was/were
have/has had
can could
may might
shall should
will would
was/were had been
could/should/might/would/past perfect werden nicht verändert.
Reported questions
„Did King Carter live here?“
She asked if King Carter had lived there.
Regel: In der indirekten Frage ist die Zeitverschiebung die gleiche, wie in indirekten Aussagesätzen. Die Umschreibung mit „to do“ fällt weg, die Satzstellung ist SVO. Am Ende der indirekten Frage wird ein Punkt gesetzt. Eingeleitet wird die indirekte Frage mit „if/where“ oder mit dem Fragewort.
Indirect Commands
„Open your books!“
He told them to open their books.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
today that day
yesterday the day before
the day/before yesterday two days before
ago before
tomorrow the next day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
next week next/the following week
last week the week before
now then
DS RS
here there
this that
these those
The definite article
General: I don’t take sugar in the coffee.
Specific: Can you pass me the (bestimmter Teil) sugar please?
General: It offers young people training in art music an drama.
Specific: We chose 650 from the 15.000 young people.
General: a wonderful view of Jewish history.
Specific: The book looks at the history of Jews
General: Jewish live in America.
Specific: The lives of Jewish Americans.
General: Over time.
Specific: The time between 19200 over 1930
Rule: Abstract nouns, material nouns, and plural don’t ned a definite article when they are used in general. But they need a definite article when they are used in a specific context (relative clause/of-phrase)
Conditional sentences
I. If I have time this afternoon, I will watch TV. (Dieser Satz ist möglich)
II. If Flo was a teacher, he would give everybody a 1.(Dieser Satz ist theoretisch möglich)
III. If you had invited John to your party, he would certainly have come.(Dieser Satz drückt unmögliche Erfüllbarkeit aus, weil er in der Vergangenheit steht)
if clause main clause
I present past
II past would+infinitive
III past perfect would+have+3rd form.
Possesive Pronouns
In front of a noun: my our
your your
his/hers/its their
Without noun: mine ours
yours yours
his/hers/its theirs
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